An Embarrassment of Riches Part II
by: Sam Vaknin, Ph.D.
http://www.doi.org/
The DOI Foundation has unveiled the DOIEB (EB stands for ebooks) Initiative in the Book Expo America Show 2001, to, in their words:
กDetermine requirements with respect to the application of unique identifiers to eBooks
Develop proofsofconcept for the use of DOIs with eBooks
Develop technical demonstrations, possibly including a prototype eBook Registration Agency.ก
It is backed by a few major publishers, such as McGrawHill, Random House, Pearson, and Wiley.
This ostensibly modest agenda conceals a revolutionary and ambitious attempt to unambiguously identify the origin of digital content (in this case, ebooks) and link a universe of information to each and every ID number. Aware of competing efforts underway, the DOI Foundation is actively courting the likes of กindecsก (Interoperability of Data in ECommerce System) and OeBF (Open eBook). Companies ,like Enpia Systems of South Korea (a DOI Registration Agency), have already implemented a DOIcumindecs system. On November 2000, the APAกs (American Publishersก Association) Open Ebook Publishing Standards Initiative has recommended to use DOI as the primary identification system for ebooksก metadata. The MPEG (Motion Pictures Experts Group) is said to be considering DOI seriously in its efforts to come up with numbering and metadata standards for digital videos. A DOI can be expressed as a URN (Universal Resource Name IETFกs syntax for generic resources) and is compatible with OpenURL (a syntax for embedding parameters such as identifiers and metadata in links). Shortly, a กNamespace Dictionaryก is to be published. It will encompass 800 metadata elements and will tackle ebooks, journals, audio, and video. A working group was started to develop a กservices definitionก interface (i.e., to allow webenabled systems, especially ecommerce and mcommerce systems, to deploy DOI).
The DOI, in other words, is designed to be allinclusive and allpervasive. Each DOI number is made of a prefix, specific to a publisher, and a suffix, which could end up painlessly assimilating the ISBN and ISSN (or any other numbering and database) system.
Thus, a DOI can be assigned to every ebook based on its ISBN and to every part (chapter, section, or page) of every ebook. This flexibility could support Pay Per View models (such as Questiaกs or Fathomกs), POD (Print On Demand), and academic กcourse packsก, which comprise material from many textbooks, whether on digital media or downloadable. The DOI, in other words, can underlie DCMS (Digital Content Management Systems) and Electronic Catalogue ID Management Systems.
Moreover, the DOI is a paradigm shift (though, conceptually, it was preceded by the likes of the UPC code and the ISOกs HyTime multimedia standard). It blurs the borders between types of digital content. Imagine an enovel with the video version of the novel, the sound track, still photographs, a tourist guide, an audio book, and other digital content embedded in it. Each content type and each segment of each content type can be identified and tagged separately and, thus, sold separately yet all under the umbrella of the same DOI! The nightmare of DRM (digital rights management) may be finally over.
But the DOI is much more than a sophisticated tagging technology. It comes with multiple resolution (see กEmbarrassment of Riches Part Iก). In other words, as opposed to the URL (Universal Resource Locator) it is generated dynamically, กon the flyก, by the user, and is not กhard codedก into the web page. This is because the DOI identifies content not its location. And while the URL resolves to a single web page the DOI resolves to a lot more in the form of publishercontrolled (ONIXXML) กmetadataก in a popup (Javascript or other) screen. The metadata include everything from the authorกs name through the bookกs title, edition, blurbs, sample chapters, other promotional material, links to related products, a rights and permissions profile, email contacts, and active links to retailersก web pages. Thus, every bookrelated web page becomes a full fledged book retailing gateway. The กanchor documentก (in which the DOI is embedded) remains uncluttered. ONIX 2.0 may contain standard metadata fields and extensions specific to epublishing and ebooks.
This latter feature the ability to link to the systems of retailers, distributors, and other types of vendors is the กbarcodeก function of the DOI. Like barcode technology, it helps to automate the supply chain, and update the inventory, ordering, billing and invoicing, accounting, and reordering databases and functions. Besides tracking content use and distribution, the DOI allows to seamlessly integrate hitherto disparate ecommerce technologies and facilitate interoperability among DRM systems.
The resolution itself can take place in the clientกs browser (using a software plugin), in a proxy server, or in a central, dynamic server. Resolving from the clientกs PC, ebook reader, or PDA has the advantage of being able to respond to the userกs specific condition (location, time of day, etc.). No plugin is required when a proxy server HTTP is used but then the DOI becomes just another URL, embedded in the page when it is created and not resolved when the user clicks on it. The most userfriendly solution is, probably, for a central server to look up values in response to a userกs prompt and serve her with cascading menus or links. Admittedly, in this option, the resolution tables (what DOI links to what URLกs and to what content) is not really dynamic. It changes only with every server update and is static between updates. But this is a minor inconvenience. As it is, users are likely to respond with some trepidation to the need to install plugins and to the avalanche of information their single, innocuous, mouse click generates.
The DOI Foundation has compiled this impressive list of benefits and beneficiaries:
กPublishers to enable cross referencing to related information, control over metadata, viral distribution and sales, easy access to content, sale of granular content
Consumers to increase value for time and money, and purchase options
Distributors to facilitate sale and distribution of materials as well as user needs
Retailers to build related materials on their sites, heighten consumer usability and copyright protection
Conversion Houses/Wholesaler Repositories to increase access to and use of metadata
DRM Vendors/Rights Clearing Houses to enable interoperability and use of standards
Data Aggregators to enable compilation of primary and secondary content and print on demand
Trade Associations facilitate dialog on social level and attend to legal and technical perspectives pertaining to multiple versions of electronic content
eBbook software Developers to enable management of personal collections of eBooks including purchase receipt information as reference for quick return to retailer
Content Management System Vendors to enable internal synching with external usage
Syndicators to drive sales to retailers, add value to retail online store/sales, and increase sales for publishersก
The DOI is assigned to publishers by Registration Agencies (of which there are currently three CrossRef and Content Directions in the States and the aforementioned Enpia Systems in Asia). It is already widely used to cross reference almost 5,000 periodicals with a database of 3,000,000 citations. The price is steep it costs a publisher $200 to get a prefix and submit DOIกs to the registry. But as Registration Agencies proliferate, competition is bound to slash these prices precipitously.
About The Author
Sam Vaknin is the author of กMalignant Self Love Narcissism Revisitedก and กAfter the Rain How the West Lost the Eastก. He is a columnist in กCentral Europe Reviewก, United Press International (UPI) and ebookweb.org and the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The Open Directory, Suite101 and searcheurope.com. Until recently, he served as the Economic Advisor to the Government of Macedonia.
His web site: http://samvak.tripod.com
This article was posted on February 2, 2002
by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D.